 The Yield CurveThe yield curve represents the different levels of bond yields as one moves from shorter-term to longer-term maturities. It describes the amount of yield that investors demand for bonds of various required holding periods. An example of what the yield curve below is a recent chart of the yield curve for U.S. Treasuries, with the current yield curve in blue and the yield curve from a year earlier in green. At the far left are yields for the shortest-term Treasuries (starting with the 3-month T-bill) and at the far right are the yields for the longest-term Treasuries (ending with the 30-year bond).  Yield and Maturity: A Special RelationshipTo better understand why yields typically rise as one moves into longer maturities, keep in mind the relationship between the length of time that borrowed money is held and the amount of interest paid on that borrowed money. As a general rule of thumb, the longer money is borrowed, the more that is required to entice a lender--in this case, the person buying a bond--to make the loan. After all, who wants to lock up their money for a long period of time, at a fixed rate of interest, without being adequately compensated for doing so? Read more "The Yield Curve" Where To Invest When Bond Yields RiseInvestors are concerned that the Federal Reserve will unwind its quantitative easing program — the massive bond purchases that have suppressed yields and boosted stock performance. When bond yields rise as the U.S. economy improves and the Fed takes actions, how might it impact the stock market? What sort of stocks do you add to your portfolio and what do you trim? Read more "Where To Invest When Bond Yields Rise" A Framework for Successful Investing It would be wise if you pay off your credit card balance and set aside assets for emergency before put your excess fund into an investment. Emergency fund should cover three to six months of living expenses. Know Your Investment GoalsIdentifying each of your investment goals is the starting point of your investing process. You have to know exactly your financial needs; so you can construct your investment specific to each goal, as well as organize your various investment accounts into several groups based on that multiple needs. Read more "A Framework for Successful Investing" Investment Risk and Return Risk refers to the degree to which an investor may lose his or her investment. Return refers to how an investment performs; that is how much it gains or loses over a period of time. Different types of asset classes, such as stocks, bonds, and money market securities, have varying levels of risk and return potential. Generally, the higher the potential return on an investment, the higher the risk involved in pursuing that return. This is called risk/return tradeoff. While some people can handle the equivalent of financial rollers-coaster, others are terrified to climb the financial ladder without a secure harness. Deciding what amount of risk you can take while remaining comfortable with your investments is very important. Read more "Investment Risk and Return" Risk Measure: Standard DeviationStandard deviation is probably used the most to measure security's risk. Standard deviation is a statistical term that is computed using the annual rate of return of a security to provide a good indication of the security's volatility. It simply quantifies how much a series of security's returns varies around their mean, or average. Standard deviation is a way of putting a security's performance swings into a single number, regardless whether the security delivers good or bad return. The more a security's returns fluctuate from month to month, the greater its standard deviation, the riskier the security is. Standard deviation contains both systematic (market) and unsystematic (specific) risk. Read more "Risk Measure: Standard Deviation" Risk Measure: BetaBeta is a relative risk measurement, because it depicts a security's volatility against a benchmark. It's common that professionals calculate betas for stocks using the S&P 500 index as the benchmark. You should calculate betas using a security's best-fit index. Beta is fairly easy to interpret. The higher a fund's beta, the more volatile it is relative to its benchmark.
Expected Market Volatility: A Way To Gauge Fear Volatility Index, known also as the VIX, was introduced by the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) in 1993 and later was revised in 2003 when the underlying securities was changed from S&P 100 Index to S&P 500 Index. The CBOE describes the VIX as a key measure of market expectations of near-term “volatility” conveyed by S&P 500 stock index option prices. Put simply, the VIX measures the degree to which investors think stocks will swing vigorously in the next 30 days. The VIX tends to surge on days when the market is expected to have significant swings, either plunging or skyrocketing. Put another way, the higher the VIX, the less investors know about where the stock market is headed. Nonetheless, a rising VIX is usually regarded as a sign that fear (bearish), rather than greed (bullish), is ruling the market. Hence, the VIX is often referred to as the "fear index”. The VIX falls on days when stock prices are stable. Read more "Expected Market Volatility: A Way To Gauge Fear" Low-Volatility CaveatsFund managers are judged on whether their return beat benchmarks, which are the industry or the stock market average returns. But beating the average was not enough; it was possible to outperform in the short term, simply by taking a lot of risk. Every investor knows that high volatility associated with an investment is a bad thing. The more an investment’s returns fluctuate from month to month, the greater its volatility, the riskier the security is. Big fluctuations also suggest fear, because they mean that investors are frantically changing their minds about what stocks are worth in the face of great uncertainty. On this ground, the CBOE volatility index, also known as VIX, is often referred to as the "fear index”. Read more "Low-Volatility Caveats" Volatility Index: Contrarian IndicatorAccording to an investor proverb, the time to buy stocks is when there is “blood in the streets.” The proverb has been attributed to Baron Rothschild centuries ago during the Panic of 1871 in Paris. During that time when everyone was selling, Baron Rothschild was buying. Volatility Index, known also as the VIX, helps investors measure the blood in the streets. Peaks in the VIX are closely associated with market bottoms. That's because climaxes of fear are times when everyone who's ever going to sell has sold. And when all the sellers are out of the way, the buyers have the field all to themselves. The VIX is a key measure of market expectations of near-term “volatility” conveyed by S&P 500 stock index option prices. Put simply, the VIX measures the degree to which investors think stocks will swing vigorously in the next 30 days. When option buyers are “fearful” that the S&P 500 index is going to have more large swings over the next 30 days, they will pay more for options contracts on the S&P 500 index to hedge their stock position. When option prices get inflated by expectations of high volatility, the VIX goes up. Hence, the VIX is often referred to as the "fear index”. Read more "Volatility Index: Contrarian Indicator" Gauging stock value using P-E ratiosPrice-to-earnings ratio, also known as P/E or P-E ratio, is one of popular tools for investors to value stocks or stock market indices, whether their prices are cheap, expensive, or fairly valued. Long-term, value investors use the P-E ratio to get indication whether stocks are cheap enough to make them start buying. The following graph shows the S&P 500 normalized trailing P/E (10-year price/earnings) ratios based on Yale economist Robert Shiller's (Irrational Exuberance) stock valuation metric for a period starting from 1926 up to September 2009.  The P-E median over the 82 years is 15.68, while the average is 16.34. The ratio stood at 19.35 at the end of September 2009. The record overvaluation of 44.2 happened in Dec. 1999.  This simple gauge focuses on fundamental measures, which are earnings. In its basic form, the P/E ratio is calculated by dividing a stock's price (or the value of an index) by its annual earnings.Read more "Gauging stock value using P-E ratiosr" |
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